Internet topology

Internet topology deals with finding the topological structure of the Internet. It is daunting to map the entire hierarchy due to the rate at which the network is growing. The effort to map the Internet is usually incomplete and out of date the moment it appears. Internet topology has attracted interest from various disciplines including mathematical sciences, computer science and physics.

The networking researcher's motivation for studying Internet-specific topologies is to enable prediction of how new technologies, policies, or economic conditions will impact the Internet’s connectivity structure at different layers, whereas a physicist is interested in studying the Internet as any other complex network. This has led to many models being proposed including the Jellyfish and Bow Tie models to physically represent the structure of the Internet.[1][2]

Fortunately, nobody owns the Internet, there is no centralized control, and nobody can turn it off. Its evolution depends on rough consensus about technical proposals, and on running code. Engineering feed-back from real implementations is more important than any architectural principles.

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Internet security

When a computer connects to a network and begins communicating with other computers, it is essentially taking a risk. Internet security involves the protection of a computer's internet account and files from intrusion of an unknown user.[1] Basic security measures involve protection by well selected passwords, change of file permissions and back up of computer's data.


Security concerns are in some ways peripheral to normal business working, but serve to highlight just how important it is that business users feel confident when using IT systems. Security will probably always be high on the IT agenda simply because cyber criminals know that a successful attack can be very profitable. This means they will always strive to find new ways to circumvent IT security, and users will consequently need to be continually vigilant. Whenever decisions need to be made about how to enhance a system, security will need to be held uppermost among its requirements.


Internet security professionals should be fluent in the four major aspects:


Penetration
testing Intrusion Detection
Incidence Response
Legal / Audit Compliance

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Computer surveillance

This article is about surreptitious monitoring of computer activity. For information on methods of preventing unauthorized access to computer data, see computer security.Computer surveillance is the act of performing surveillance of computer activity, and of data stored on a hard drive or being transferred over the Internet.


Computer surveillance programs are widespread today, and almost all internet traffic is closely monitored for clues of illegal activity.


Supporters say that watching all internet traffic is important, because by knowing everything that everyone is reading and writing, they can identify terrorists and criminals, and protect society from them.


Critics cite concerns over privacy and the possibility of a totalitarian state where political dissent is impossible and opponents of state policy are removed in COINTELPRO-like purges. Such a state may be referred to as an Electronic Police State, in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search and distribute forensic evidence against its citizens.


References

^ Diffie, Whitfield; Susan Landau (August, 2008). "Internet Eavesdropping: A Brave New World of Wiretapping". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=internet-eavesdropping. Retrieved 2009-03-13. ^ "CALEA Archive -- Electronic Frontier Foundation". Electronic Frontier Foundation (website). http://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/CALEA/?f=archive.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14. ^ "CALEA: The Perils of Wiretapping the Internet". Electronic Frontier Foundation (website). http://www.eff.org/issues/calea. Retrieved 2009-03-14. ^ "CALEA: Frequently Asked Questions". Electronic Frontier Foundation (website). ^ Hill, Michael (October 11, 2004). "Government funds chat room surveillance research". Associated Press (USA Today). http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/surveillance/2004-10-11-chatroom-surv_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-19. ^ McCullagh, Declan (January 30, 2007). "FBI turns to broad new wiretap method". ZDNet News. http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-151059.html. Retrieved 2009-03-13. ^ First round in Internet war goes to Iranian intelligence by Debka.com ^ Story, Louise (November 1, 2007). "F.T.C. to Review Online Ads and Privacy". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/technology/01Privacy.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ a b Butler, Don (February 24, 2009). "Surveillance in society". The Star Phoenix (CanWest). http://www.thestarphoenix.com/Technology/Surveillance+society/1322333/story.html. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ Soghoian, Chris (September 11, 2008). "Debunking Google's log anonymization propaganda". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13739_3-10038963-46.html. Retrieved 2009-03-21. ^ a b Joshi, Priyanki (March 21, 2009). "Every move you make, Google will be watching you". Business Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/every-move-you-make-google-will-be-watching-you/57071/on. Retrieved 2009-03-21. ^ "Advertising and Privacy". Google (company page). 2009. http://www.google.com/privacy_ads.html. Retrieved 2009-03-21. ^ Keefe, Patrick (March 12, 2006). ", Can Network Theory Thwart Terrorists?". New York Times. ^ Albrechtslund, Anders (March 3, 2008). "Online Social Networking as Participatory Surveillance". First Monday 13 (3). http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2142/1949. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ^ Fuchs, Christian (2009). Social Networking Sites and the Surveillance Society. A Critical Case Study of the Usage of studiVZ, Facebook, and MySpace by Students in Salzburg in the Context of Electronic Surveillance. Salzburg and Vienna: Forschungsgruppe Unified Theory of Information. ISBN 978-3-200-01428-2. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=3&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffuchs.icts.sbg.ac.at%2FSNS_Surveillance_Fuchs.pdf&ei=2XG7SY6PI4GEsQP2v9VI&usg=AFQjCNGKqGRfx90BvrQgdCZbfLfSLCqE5A&sig2=1THunpIf4nMT4MV79FGufQ. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ^ a b c Ethier, Jason. "Current Research in Social Network Theory". Northeastern University College of Computer and Information Science. http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/perrolle/archive/Ethier-SocialNetworks.html. Retrieved 2009-03-15.

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Desktop computers will be displaced Predictably

This prediction comes from Google who believe that the existence of a desktop computer will be supplanted by the desktop tool mobile.Komputer forecast period will come no longer relevant.

It is estimated, it will be about 3 years into the future. Google's European boss, John Herlihy said that desktop computers will yield to the emergence of smart phones that had been important in Google's mission to disseminate information to the world.

"In Japan, most of the leading research done on a smartphone, not a PC," Herlihy said Digital Landscapes at the conference as quoted from the Silicon Republic, Friday (5/3/2010).

He added that mobile devices have made any information more accessible. And the people will turn to their mobile phone screen in consuming information and entertainment.

Plus, the more capable smartphone capability with expertise in operating a variety of applications.

Source : www.detikinet.com

Internet Streaming Media Alliance

The Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA) was Founded in December 2000, by Apple Computer, Cisco Systems, IBM, Kasenna, Philips, and Sun Microsystems. It is a non-profit corporation whose mission is to accelerate the market adoption of open standards for streaming and progressive download of rich media over all types of Internet Protocols (IP). The ISMA is a diverse alliance with representatives from all points of the streaming work-flow.
While standards already exist for audio and video codecs (e.g. MPEG) and for real time streaming transport over IP networks (e.g. RTP) putting these together requires selecting profiles, describing payload formats, and resolving various options. ISMA specifications typically adopt existing specifications in order to form a complete solution. However, when specifications don't exist, the ISMA will create them. The ISMA also performs interoperability testing, allowing its members to ensure that their products conform to ISMA standards and interoperate.

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Communications, Computers, and Networks

The Scientific American special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Network, is a special issue of Scientific American dedicated to articles concerning impending changes to the internet in the period prior to the expansion and mainstreaming of the world wide web via Mosaic (web browser) and Netscape (web browser). This issue contained essays by a number of important computer science and internet pioneers. It bore the promotional cover title: Scientific American presents the September 1991 Single Copy Issue: Communications, Computers, and Networks

Reviews
University of California, Berkeley's September 1991 online journal, "Current Cites" commented: "Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers and Networks 265(3) (September 1991): If you purchase a single issue of a magazine this year, this should be it. Filled with eleven articles by some of the biggest names in computer networking, this issue covers all bases and includes suggestions for further readings on the issues." [1] In addition, a 4 September 1991 post to the University of Houston's "Computer System's Forum" also recommends the issue stating: "These articles cover enough ground that I would recommend the issue to people getting ready to dive into the Internet or understand what is happening in networks these days."[2] An additional post to this same forum on 21 August 1991, comments: "The authors are exceptional, including Mitch Kapor, Mark Weiser, Nicholas Negroponte, Alan Kay, Al Gore, and many others. An excellent issue." [3]

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Interplanetary Internet

IPN is a conceived computer network in space, consisting of a set of network nodes which can communicate with each other

ImplementationThe dormant InterPlanetary Internet Special Interest Group of the Internet Society has worked on defining protocols and standards that would make the IPN possible.[11] The Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG) is the primary group researching Delay-tolerant networking which has several major arenas of application in addition to the Interplanetary Internet, including stressed tactical communications, sensor webs, disaster recovery, hostile environments, and remote outposts.[12] As an example of a remote outpost, imagine an isolated Arctic village or a faraway island, with electricity, and one or more computers but no communication connectivity. With the addition of a simple wireless hotspot in the village, plus DTN-enabled devices on, say, dog sleds or fishing boats, a resident would be able to check their e-mail or click on a Wikipedia article, and have their requests forwarded to the nearest networked location on the sled's or boat's next visit, and get the replies on its return.

Source : www.wikipedia.com